Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether nijambo rusange ryuruhererekane rwibicuruzwa byakozwe nigisubizo cya alkali selulose hamwe na etherifying agent mubihe bimwe. Alkali selulose isimburwa nibintu bitandukanye bya etherifing kugirango babone ethers zitandukanye. Ukurikije imiterere ya ionisation yibisimburwa, ethers ya selile irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: ionic (nka carboxymethyl selulose) na non-ionic (nka methyl selulose). Ukurikije ubwoko bwinsimburangingo, ether ya selile irashobora kugabanywamo kimwe (nka methyl selulose) na ether ivanze (nka hydroxypropyl methyl selulose). Ukurikije ibisubizo bitandukanye, birashobora kugabanywa mu gushonga amazi (nka hydroxyethyl selulose) hamwe na solvent-soluble (nka Ethyl selulose), nibindi. igabanijwe muburyo bwihuse hamwe nubuso bwavuwe bwatinze guseswa.
Uburyo bwibikorwa bya selile ether muri mortar nuburyo bukurikira:
. ibice hamwe na layer ya firime yo gusiga ikorwa hejuru yinyuma yayo, bigatuma sisitemu ya minisiteri ihagarara neza, kandi ikanatezimbere amazi ya minisiteri mugihe cyo kuvanga no kubaka neza.
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1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Nyuma yipamba itunganijwe ivuwe na alkali, selile ya selile ikorwa binyuze murukurikirane rwibisubizo hamwe na chloride metani nka agent ya etherification. Mubisanzwe, urwego rwo gusimburwa ni 1.6 ~ 2.0, kandi gukemura nabyo biratandukanye hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye. Nibya non-ionic selulose ether.
(1) Methylcellulose irashonga mumazi akonje, kandi bizagorana gushonga mumazi ashyushye. Igisubizo cyamazi cyacyo kirahagaze neza murwego rwa pH = 3 ~ 12. Ifite guhuza neza na krahisi, guar gum, nibindi byinshi na surfactants. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze ku bushyuhe bwa gelation, gelation iba.
. Mubisanzwe, niba umubare wongeyeho ari munini, ubwiza ni buto, kandi ubwiza ni bunini, igipimo cyo gufata amazi ni kinini. Muri byo, ingano y’inyongera igira ingaruka zikomeye ku kigero cyo gufata amazi, kandi urwego rw’ubukonje ntiruhwanye neza n’urwego rwo gufata amazi. Igipimo cyo guseswa ahanini biterwa nurwego rwo guhindura isura ya selile na selile nziza. Muri ethers ya selile yavuzwe haruguru, methyl selulose na hydroxypropyl methyl selulose bifite igipimo kinini cyo gufata amazi.
(3) Imihindagurikire yubushyuhe izagira ingaruka zikomeye ku kigero cyo gufata amazi ya methyl selile. Mubisanzwe, uko ubushyuhe buri hejuru, niko gufata amazi ari bibi. Niba ubushyuhe bwa minisiteri burenze 40 ° C, kugumana amazi ya methyl selulose bizagabanuka cyane, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku iyubakwa rya minisiteri.
(4) Methyl selulose igira ingaruka zikomeye mukubaka no gufatira minisiteri. “Gufatanya” hano bivuga imbaraga zifatika zumvikana hagati yigikoresho gisaba umukozi nu rukuta, ni ukuvuga kurwanya inkovu. Kwizirika hejuru ni byinshi, kurwanya inkweto za minisiteri ni nini, kandi imbaraga zisabwa n'abakozi mu gihe cyo gukoresha nazo ni nini, kandi imikorere ya minisiteri ikennye. Methyl selile yifata iri murwego ruciriritse mubicuruzwa bya selile.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ni selile ya selile ifite umusaruro nogukoresha byiyongereye vuba mumyaka yashize. Ni selile idafite ionic ivanze ya ether ikozwe mu ipamba itunganijwe nyuma ya alkalisation, ukoresheje okiside ya propylene na methyl chloride nka agent ya etherification, binyuze mubisubizo. Urwego rwo gusimbuza muri rusange ni 1.2 ~ 2.0. Imiterere yacyo iratandukanye bitewe numubare utandukanye wibintu bya mikorobe na hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose irashobora gushonga byoroshye mumazi akonje, kandi izahura ningorane zo gushonga mumazi ashyushye. Ariko ubushyuhe bwa gelation mumazi ashyushye buri hejuru cyane ugereranije na methyl selile. Ubushyuhe bwo mumazi akonje nabwo buratera imbere cyane ugereranije na methyl selulose.
. Ubushyuhe nabwo bugira ingaruka ku bwenge bwabwo, uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ubukonje bugabanuka. Nyamara, ubukonje bwacyo bwinshi bugira ingaruka zubushyuhe burenze methyl selile. Igisubizo cyacyo gihamye iyo kibitswe mubushyuhe bwicyumba.
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(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ihamye kuri aside na alkali, kandi igisubizo cyayo cyamazi kirahagaze neza murwego rwa pH = 2 ~ 12. Soda ya Caustic n'amazi ya lime ntacyo bihindura mubikorwa byayo, ariko alkali irashobora kwihutisha iseswa ryayo kandi ikongera ububobere bwayo. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ihagaze neza kumunyu usanzwe, ariko iyo ubunini bwumuti wumunyu mwinshi, ubwiza bwumuti wa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bikunda kwiyongera.
. Nka alcool ya polyvinyl, ibinyamisogwe ether, amase y'imboga, nibindi.
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3. Hydroxyethyl selulose (HEC)
Ikozwe mu ipamba itunganijwe ivurwa na alkali, ikanakoreshwa na okiside ya Ethylene nka etherification agent imbere ya acetone. Urwego rwo gusimburwa muri rusange ni 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ifite hydrophilicity ikomeye kandi byoroshye gukuramo ubuhehere
(1) Hydroxyethyl selulose irashobora gushonga mumazi akonje, ariko biragoye gushonga mumazi ashyushye. Igisubizo cyacyo gihamye mubushyuhe bwo hejuru nta geli. Irashobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire munsi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru muri minisiteri, ariko kubika amazi yayo biri munsi yubwa methyl selile.
(2) Hydroxyethyl selulose ihamye kuri aside rusange na alkali. Alkali irashobora kwihutisha iseswa ryayo kandi ikongerera gato ubwiza bwayo. Ikwirakwizwa ryayo mumazi ni mabi cyane ugereranije na methyl selulose na hydroxypropyl methyl selulose. .
(3) Hydroxyethyl selulose ifite imikorere myiza yo kurwanya-sag kuri minisiteri, ariko ifite igihe kirekire cyo kudindiza sima.
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4. Carboxymethyl selulose (CMC)
Ionic selulose ether ikozwe muri fibre naturel (ipamba, nibindi) nyuma yo kuvura alkali, ukoresheje sodium monochloroacetate nka agent ya etherification, kandi ikavurwa muburyo butandukanye. Urwego rwo gusimburwa muri rusange ni 0.4 ~ 1.4, kandi imikorere yarwo igira ingaruka cyane kurwego rwo gusimburwa.
(1) Carboxymethyl selulose ni hygroscopique, kandi izaba irimo amazi menshi mugihe abitswe mubihe rusange.
. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 50 ° C, ubukonje ntibusubira inyuma.
(3) Guhagarara kwayo bigira ingaruka cyane kuri pH. Mubisanzwe, irashobora gukoreshwa muri minisiteri ishingiye kuri gypsumu, ariko ntabwo ikoreshwa muri minisiteri ishingiye kuri sima. Iyo alkaline nyinshi, itakaza ubukonje.
(4) Kubika amazi yayo biri hasi cyane ugereranije na methyl selulose. Ifite ingaruka mbi kuri gypsumu ishingiye kuri minisiteri kandi igabanya imbaraga zayo. Nyamara, igiciro cya carboxymethyl selulose kiri hasi cyane ugereranije na methyl selile.
Isubirwamo rya polymer rubber
Ifu ya reispersible reberi itunganywa no gutera spray yumuti udasanzwe wa polymer. Muburyo bwo gutunganya, kurinda colloid, anti-cake, nibindi bihinduka ibyingenzi. Ifu yumye yumye ni uduce tumwe na tumwe twa 80 ~ 100mm zegeranijwe hamwe. Izi ngingo zishonga mumazi kandi zigakora ikwirakwizwa rihamye rinini gato ugereranije nuduce twambere twa emulsion. Uku gutatanya kuzakora firime nyuma yo kubura umwuma no gukama. Iyi firime ntishobora gusubira inyuma nkibikorwa rusange bya emulsiyasi, kandi ntibizongera guhinduka iyo ihuye namazi. Gutatana.
Ifu ya reberi isubirwamo irashobora kugabanywamo: styrene-butadiene copolymer, teriary karubone acide etylene copolymer, Ethylene-acetate acetic acide copolymer, nibindi, kandi hashingiwe kuri ibi, silicone, vinyl laurate, nibindi byateguwe kugirango bitezimbere imikorere. Ingamba zinyuranye zo guhindura zituma ifu ya reberi isubirwamo ifite imiterere itandukanye nko kurwanya amazi, kurwanya alkali, kurwanya ikirere no guhinduka. Harimo vinyl laurate na silicone, bishobora gutuma ifu ya rubber igira hydrophobicity nziza. Amashami menshi ya vinyl ya gatatu ya karubone hamwe na Tg yo hasi kandi ihindagurika neza.
Iyo ubu bwoko bwifu ya reberi ikoreshwa kuri minisiteri, byose bigira ingaruka zo gutinda mugihe cyagenwe cya sima, ariko ingaruka zo gutinda ni ntoya kuruta iyo gukoresha mu buryo butaziguye. Mugereranije, styrene-butadiene ifite ingaruka nini zo kudindiza, kandi acetate ya Ethylene-vinyl ifite ingaruka ntoya yo kudindiza. Niba igipimo ari gito cyane, ingaruka zo kunoza imikorere ya minisiteri ntabwo igaragara.
Fibre ya polypropilene
Fibre ya polypropilene ikozwe muri polypropilene nkibikoresho fatizo nubunini bukwiye bwo guhindura. Ubusanzwe diameter ya fibre igera kuri microni 40, imbaraga zingana ni 300 ~ 400mpa, modulus ya elastique ni 003500mpa, naho kurambura burundu ni 15 ~ 18%. Ibiranga imikorere:
. Niba kg 1 ya fibre polypropilene yongewe kuri buri toni ya minisiteri, hashobora kuboneka fibre zirenga miliyoni 30 za monofilament.
. Niba ibyo bice bigaragara cyangwa bitagaragara. Kandi irashobora kugabanya cyane kuva amaraso hejuru hamwe no gutura hamwe na minisiteri nshya.
. Nukuvuga ko, iyo umubiri ukomantaye utera imihangayiko kubera guhindagurika, irashobora kunanira no kwanduza imihangayiko. Iyo umubiri ukomye umubiri wavunitse, urashobora gutesha umutwe imbaraga zumutwe hejuru yigitereko kandi bikagabanya kwaguka.
(4) Gukwirakwiza neza fibre polypropilene mumasemburo ya minisiteri bizaba ikibazo kitoroshye. Kuvanga ibikoresho, ubwoko bwa fibre na dosiye, igipimo cya minisiteri hamwe nibikorwa byayo byose bizahinduka ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka.
umukozi wo mu kirere
Ibikoresho byinjira mu kirere ni ubwoko bwa surfactant bushobora gukora umwuka uhumeka neza muri beto nshya cyangwa minisiteri hakoreshejwe uburyo bwumubiri. Ahanini harimo: rosin hamwe na polymers yubushyuhe bwayo, surfactants zitari ionic, sulfonate ya alkylbenzene, lignosulfonates, acide karubike nu munyu wabo, nibindi.
Ibikoresho byinjira mu kirere akenshi bikoreshwa mugutegura amabuye ya pompe na minisiteri. Bitewe no kongeramo ibintu byinjira mu kirere, impinduka zimwe mumikorere ya minisiteri izazanwa.
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. Niba umukozi winjiza ikirere hamwe nogukoresha amazi bigakoreshwa hamwe, kandi ikigereranyo gikwiye, agaciro ntikagabanuka.
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Kubera ko umubare wibikoresho byinjira mu kirere wongeyeho ari muto cyane, muri rusange ubarirwa mu bihumbi icumi-icumi by’ibikoresho byose bya sima, bigomba kwemezwa ko byapimwe neza kandi bikavangwa mugihe cyo gukora minisiteri; ibintu nkuburyo bukangura hamwe nigihe cyo gukurura bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kumubare winjiza umwuka. Kubwibyo, mubihe byubu umusaruro wimbere mu gihugu nubwubatsi, kongeramo ibintu byinjiza ikirere kuri minisiteri bisaba imirimo myinshi yubushakashatsi.
imbaraga zambere
Ikoreshwa mugutezimbere imbaraga za kare za beto na minisiteri, sulfate yingufu za kare zikoreshwa cyane cyane zirimo sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sulfate ya aluminium na potasiyumu aluminium sulfate.
Mubisanzwe, sodium sulfate ya anhydrous ikoreshwa cyane, kandi ikigereranyo cyayo ni gito kandi ingaruka zimbaraga za kare nibyiza, ariko niba dosiye ari nini cyane, bizatera kwaguka no gucika mubyiciro bizakurikiraho, kandi mugihe kimwe, alkali igaruka bizabaho, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere n'ingaruka zo gushushanya hejuru.
Kalisiyumu ikora kandi ni antifreeze nziza. Ifite imbaraga nziza zo hambere, ingaruka nkeya, guhuza neza nibindi bivanze, kandi imitungo myinshi iruta sulfate imbaraga za kare, ariko igiciro kiri hejuru.
antifreeze
Niba minisiteri ikoreshwa mubushyuhe bubi, niba nta ngamba za antifreeze zifashwe, kwangirika kwubukonje bizakomera kandi imbaraga zumubiri zinangiye zizangirika. Antifreeze irinda ubukonje kwangirika muburyo bubiri bwo kwirinda gukonja no kuzamura imbaraga za kare za minisiteri.
Mubintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa na antifreeze, calcium nitrite na sodium nitrite bifite ingaruka nziza za antifreeze. Kubera ko nitrite ya calcium itarimo potasiyumu na ioni ya sodiumi, irashobora kugabanya kugaragara kwa alkali igiteranyo iyo ikoreshejwe muri beto, ariko imikorere yayo ikennye gato iyo ikoreshejwe muri minisiteri, mugihe nitrite ya sodium ifite imikorere myiza. Antifreeze ikoreshwa ifatanije nimbaraga zo hambere hamwe nigabanya amazi kugirango ibone ibisubizo bishimishije. Iyo minisiteri yumye ivanze na antifreeze ikoreshwa mubushyuhe bukabije bwa ultra-low, ubushyuhe bwuruvange bugomba kwiyongera uko bikwiye, nko kuvanga namazi ashyushye.
Niba ingano ya antifreeze ari myinshi, bizagabanya imbaraga za minisiteri mucyiciro cyakurikiyeho, kandi hejuru ya minisiteri ikomye hazagira ibibazo nko kugaruka kwa alkali, bizagira ingaruka ku isura n'ingaruka z'umutako wo gushushanya hejuru. .
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-16-2023